Klonlama Hakkında İngilizce Yazı Kompozisyon
The Cloning Debate (Klonlama Tartışmaları)
Length: 782 words (2.2 double-spaced pages)
The Cloning Debate
The first attempt in cloning was conducted in 1952 on a group of frogs.
The experiment was a partial success. The frog cells were cloned into other
living frogs however, only one in every thousand developed normally , all of
which were sterile.DEVAMI AŞAĞIDA (www.odevindiryap.com her türlü ödevlerinizde yanınızda..)
The rest of the frogs that survived grew to abnormally large
sizes. In 1993, scientist and director of the in vitro lab at George
Washington University, Jerry Hall and associate Robert Stillman, reported the
first ever successful cloning of human embryos. It was the discovery of in-
vitro fertilization in the 1940’s that began the pursuit to ease the suffering
of infertile couples. After years of research, scientists learned that “in a
typical in-vitro procedure, doctors will insert three to five embryos in hopes
that, at most, one or two will implant” (Elmer-Dewitt 38). And that “a woman
with only one embryo has about a 10% to 20% chance of getting pregnant through
in-vitro fertilization. If that embryo could be cloned and turned into three or
four, thechances of a successful pregnancy would increase significantly”(Elmer-
Dewitt 38).
The experiment the scientists performed is the equivalent of a mother
producing twins. The process has been practiced and almost perfected in
livestock for the past ten years, and some scientists believe that it seems only
logical that it would be the next step in in-vitro fertilization. The procedure
was remarkably simple. Hall and Stillman “selected embryos that were abnormal
because they came from eggs that had been fertilized by more than one sperm”
(Elmer-Dewitt 38), because the embryos were defective, it would have been
impossible for the scientist to actually clone another person. They did however,
split the embryos into separate cells, as a result creating separate and
identical clones. They began experimenting on seventeen of the defective
embryos and “when one of those single-celled embryos divided into two cell…the
scientists quickly separated the cells, creating two different embryos with the
same genetic information” (Elmer-Dewitt 38). The cells are coated with a
protective covering “called a zona pellucida, that is essential to development”
(Elmer-Dewitt 38), which was stripped away and replaced with a gel-like
substance made from seaweed that Hall had been experimenting with. The
scientists were able to produce forty-eight clones, all of which died within six
days. Other scientist have been quoted saying that although the experiment is
fairly uncomplicated, it had not been tested before because of the moral and
ethical issues surrounding an experiment such as this one. Some people believe
that aiding infertile couples is the only true benefit to cloning human embryos,
and fear that if the research is continued it could get out of hand. Other
advantages that have been suggested include freezing human embryos for later use,
in the event that a child should get sick or die. If a parent has had their
child’s embryos cloned and frozen and their child dies at an early age of crib
death, the parents could have one of the frozen embryos de-thawed and implanted
into the womb. Nine months later, the mother would give birth to a child that
was identical to the one they had lost. Or if a four year old child develops
leukemia and requires a bone marrow transplant. A couple could implant a pre-
frozen embryos clone of their first child and produce an identical twin as a
guarantee for a perfect match. The parents would therefore have identical twins
that were four years apart. The disadvantages are endless. If this type of
technique were exploited and used in vain, we could be heading down “a tunnel of
madness”(Elmer-Dewitt 37). “Researchers have developed DNA- analysis techniques
to screen embryos for…disorders, but the procedures require snipping cells off
embryos, a process that sometimes kills them”( Elmer-Dewitt 39). It is expected
that the idea of throwing away an embryos because it is disease ridden will
throw pro-life activists into a frenzy (Elmer-Dewitt 39). It is one thing to
exercise the freedom of chose to abort an unwanted child for whatever reason,
but to throw one a way due to a pre-understanding that it carries a disease, in
my opinion, is unethical. These types of possibilities are producing moral and
ethical debates among ethicists the world over. Most countries have set
regulations concerning cloning human embryos and in some countries it is an
offense punishable by law and requires incarceration . Between the medical
contributions and the ethical questions surrounding cloning human embryos, it is
unlikely that we will have the opportunity to discover if further research to
Hall and Stillman’s experiment could actually produce human beings.
References
Elmer-Dewitt, Philip. “Cloning: Where Do We Draw the Line?” Time Magazine.
Klonlama Hakkında Daha Kısa Bir yazı
Dangers of Human Cloning
Length: 341 words (1 double-spaced pages)
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The topic of human cloning is very controversial, with many opposing viewpoints. Is human cloning immoral and unethical? I think so. Scientists are not even sure of the results of cloning or if it will even produce what is expected. Legalizing human cloning would take away individuality and could have many health risks.
Science and technology are unable to solve everything. If human cloning is permitted, there is no guarantee that all the results will be controllable. Human cloning can possibly damage the future of human kind. During the process of cloning, many embryos are killed and scientists are not certain that the surviving embryos will develop normally. In human cloning all human beings would be identical, which means everyone would be at a high risk of getting infected by diseases.
Humans contain many different types of genes. These genes come from parents who each have different sets of genes. Having a diversity of genes allows humans to adapt better in their environment and be more immune to diseases. Genes are what make each human an individual. If humans were all alike, no one would be able to express themselves. Along with a diversity of genes comes immunity; human cloning would take away this characteristic.
Human cloning can produce many health risks. Cloning carries a high risk of producing abnormal babies. The genetic material could possibly keep aging while the baby is in the womb and cause premature death. In some cases, it could take years to see that a clone had abnormalities. Cloning humans has many bad effects and can ruin the lives of some people.
If cloning is permitted, there is a risk of producing uncontrollable results. In the process of cloning a human diversity of genes is lost, producing individuals who are the same with no unique characteristics. Cloning also has a possibility of many health risks leading to abnormalities in humans. In conclusion, all humans are unique and should be able to keep their uniqueness without the interference of technology.